Loot. co. za: Sitemap< Previous Next > 9. Writer's Choice: Grammar and C9. X Sometimes Sinner Sometimes Saint, Charlene Dale. Christ Crucified - Or a Plain Scriptural Vindication of the Divinity and Redeeming Acts of Christ (1. George W. Clarke. Practical Hints on Playing the Tenor Saxophone - Tenor Saxophone, Eugene Rousseau. Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, M. Wesley Shoemaker. Yo- Yo Ma Plays The Music Of John Williams, Yo- Yo Ma, John Williams. X Gandhi, Benjamin Zachariah. X Cheese- Rolling Races, Rob Waring. The Christs That Rose.Guess Who Spins/Adivina Quien Teje, Sharon Gordon. Paintball, Anne Wendorff. Ada Cole, englische Gemeindeschwester und Tiersch Books: iroqrafts.rr#2, ohsweken, ontario canada n0a-1m0. Hawaiian Coral Reef Ecology, Mutual Publishing Company. Beyond Tears - Living After Losing a Child, Ellen Mitchell. Trinidad and Tobago, Romel Hernandez. The Ruth Landes Memorial Research Fund was established in 1991 in honor of Ruth Schlossberg Landes, Ph.D. Matriarchy is a social system in which females hold primary power, predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of. 9780078657450 0078657458 Writer's Choice: Grammar and C 9781606040430 160604043X Sometimes Sinner Sometimes Saint, Charlene Dale 9781436804929 1436804922 Christ. A Temple Studies Bibliography . Bachman Compiled by Danel W. Welch Updated 12 September 2013. Just My Luck, Lindsay Lohan, Chris Pine, Faizon Love, .. Best of the Sun Years, Perkins Carl. The Storm of Our Lives - A Vietnamese Family's Boat Journey to Freedom, Tai Van Nguyen. Dr. Johnson's Works - Life, Poems, and Tales, Volume 1, Samuel Johnson. A Web of Circumstances, Jeffrey Ashford. Leones En La Bibliotec, Zachary Williams. Finding God for Woman - New International Version, Zondervan Publishing. Software- Qualit T, Dirk W. Hoffmann. 97. 80. Philip's Red Books Kingdom of Fife - Leisure and Tourist Map. X My Trip, Eggleton. Platanos Verdes, Pat Almada. Blood Noir, Laurell K. Hamilton. 97. 80. Domestic Duck Production - Science and Practice, Peter Cherry, Trevor Raymond Morris. One Enchanted Evening, Annie Haslam. Un Hombre Bueno, Kristin Hardy. Science Explorer Lep Earth Science Student Edition 2. Journey of a Thousand Miles - My Story, David Ritz, Lang Lang. The Lord of Death and the Queen of Life, Homer Eon Flint. Marina de La Riva, Riva Marina de La. Super Safari. 97. Mikrofiche- Edition - Microform, Sing- Akademie Zu Berlin. The Fourmile Wash Project - Archaeological Investigations at Eight Sites in the Tonopah Desert, Western Arizona, Earl W. Sires. 63. 38. 42. Hopes and Dreams. There's No I in Office - 4. Meaningless Phrases to Keep Your Coworkers Smiling While Avoiding Actual Conversation, Jacob Lentz, Paul Koehorst. Voluntary in D - Sheet, Alfred Publishing. Reggae Fire Beat, Dynamites, King Stitt. Fluorescence Detection Techniques for Biomedical Research, Iain D. Johnson. 97. 80. 75. X Rhetoric of Western Thought, James Golden, Ruth Golden, William Coleman. Invisibman, Mondo Grosso. A First Book in Chronology, According to the System of Dr. Grey (1. 84. 0), Richard Grey, Bwb, Wb. World of Plants Set, Louise Spilsbury, Richard Spilsbury. XIII (MA)9. 78. 07. Nothing Can Stop Me: An Open Book on Transfer Application Essays, Marcie Wald. Romans Celts and Vikings. Mind Dusters, Rankin Kenny. Sweat a la La La La Long- Best, Inner Circle. X Yo Soy el Diego, Diego Armando Maradona. Tapestries, Barbara Allan Horn. My Petoskey ''Stones'', David Henry M. Ed. Wyant. 97. 80. Jesus, History and Mount Darwin - An Academic Excursion, Rick Kennedy. Word Book Of English Spelling, William Swinton. Fury to Freedom, Gospel Films, Tom Silardi, Joy Vogel, .. Just Trust Me.., Jacquie D'Alessandro. Greenway S: Guinness Series Summary. Fundamental Techniques for Marching Percussion - DVD, Thom Hannum. X Questioning Creole - Creolisation Discourses in Caribbean Culture, Verene Shepherd, Glen L. Richards. 97. 89. Competing in a Changing Europe - Opportunities and Challenges for Trade and Enterprise Development in a Changing Europe, Executive Forum on Competing in a Changing Europe (2. Latin Syntax by Diagrams, with First Year Latin - Caesar's Gallic War Book 1 (1. George W Lewis. 97. Des Emplois Pour Les Jeunes/Jobs for Youth Canada, Oecd Publishing. Bruyeres Correziennes, Segurel Jean. Matrix Analysis of Framed Structures, William Weaver, James M. Gere. 97. 80. 07. Corporate Finance Fundamentals, Stephen A. Ross. 97. 80. 94. Christian Resistance to Apartheid - Ecumenism in South Africa, 1. D. M. Balia. 97. 81. Special Edition. 97. Telecommunications - An Introduction to Electronic Media, Lynne S. Gross. 97. 81. 85. Telltale, No. 4 - Victorian Britain, John West. Stuart Parliaments 1. David L. Smith. 97. Re- pitching the Tent - Re- ordering the Church Building for Worship and Mission in the New Millennium, R. Giles. 97. 80. 11. The Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment, Use and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 1. Public Passenger Vehicles. Icc Financial Survey - Meat and Poultry - Scotland. Psychological Processes of Childbearing, Joan Raphael- Leff. Postmortem - WITH Too Hot to Handle AND Sunbeams, Brian Clark, Jim Hawkins, Rosemary Mason. Luke - Luke, Acts, I Peter, Duncan Macpherson, Etc. The Archaeology of York, v. Fasc. 4 - The Past Environment of York; Environment and Living Conditions at Two Anglo- Scandinavian Sites , A. Hall, Etc, P. V. Addyman, .. Infinite Present, Maura Del Serra. First Trip, Vivian L. Griffiths. 97. 80. Weather Toys - Building and Hacking Your Own 1- wire Weather Station, Tim Bitson. Robert Bowes and the Pilgrimage of Grace, C Newman. Forecasting, Preparedness and Other Operational Measures for Water- Related Natural Disaster Reduction in Asia and the Pacific. The Professionals, Albert Dobson. Walks on the South Cambridgeshire Borders, Cambridge Group of the Ramblers' Association, Jill Tuffnell, Ron Wilbraham. The Sophistic Movement, G. B. Kerferd. 97. 80. A Short History of Lord Hyaena, Elsa Wallace. X Golden Fountain, Lilian Stavely. Blue Fever, Clare Mac. Donald Shaw. 97. 80. City of Darkness - Story of Jackie Pullinger, Geoffrey Hanks. Heavy on the Tree, Brenda Whincup. Universal Man, Abd- al- Karim al- Jili, Titus Burckhardt, Angela Culme- Seymour. Tide 2. 00. 0 - The Guide to the River Thames, Jeremy Barter, Peter Kent, Stuart Wolff. The Kaishan Chronicles - Birth of a Kingdom, H. D. Jorse. 97. 80. Diamonds, Marijan Dundek. Familiars, Philip Gross. Clinical Phonetics Pepper Font, SHRIBERG KENT9. Black sheep, Georgette Heyer. A Call to Action - Films of Ousmane Sembene, Sheila Petty. Too Good to be True, Kate William. Sheldon House, Peter Corbishley. X A Single Stone, Marilyn Wallace. Restoration of Early Musical Instruments, C. Starling. 97. 80. Mughal India - Splendours of the Peacock Throne, Valerie Berinstain, Paul G. Bahn. 97. 80. 95. Last Smyths of Ashton Court, 2, Anton Bantock. Scotland 2. 00. 8 - Where to Stay Self Catering. Home for Christmas, Francine Pascal. Macro Program Using Lotus 1. OULMAN9. 78. 05. 38. Information Technology in Accounting Using Pacioli, Grace Johnson. Small Animal Medical Therapeutics, Michael D. Cornelius, Duncan Ferguson. The Credentialing Desk Reference, Jack Zusman. Creature from the Black Lagoon, Volume 1 - Time's Black Lagoon, Paul Di Filippo. The Bedroom Assignment, Sophie Weston. The Poetical Works of William Drummond of Hawthornden, William Drummond, William B. Turnbull. 97. 81. Transmission, v. 3 - Speaking and Listening, Sharon Kivland, Lesley Sanderson, Emma Cocker. The Astonishing Adventures of Fanboy and Goth Girl, Barry Lyga. Reading between the Lines. Book 4. 97. 80. 91. Aristotle Selected Works, Aristotle. Life in Christ - A Study of the Scripture Doctrine on the Nature of Man, the Object of the Divine Incarnation and the Conditions of Human Immortality, Edward White. X London Gazette, 5. Supplement, Civil and Military Awards Etc, Great Britain. Lieutenant Harry Loft of Louth, and the 6. Regiment of Foot (second Staffordshire), Martin Loft. London Gazette, 5. Supplement, Civil and Military Awards Etc, Great Britain. Ask Me No Questions, Clare Bevan, Honey De Lacey. Last dance, Elizabeth M Rees. Beauty, Sheri S Tepper. The Virgin Gay Guide, Tim Laming. The Machine That Changed the World - The Story of Lean Production, James P Womack, Daniel T. Jones, Daniel Roos. Studyguide: Outlines & Highlights for Database Design, Application Development, and Administration by Mannino, ISBN - 9. Cram. 10. 1 Textbook Reviews. Stupa - Sacred Symbol of Enlightenment, Elizabeth Cook. Ponte Vedra Beach - A History, Maurice J. Robinson. 97. 81. From the Imagination of a West Texas Farm Boy, Dickie Raymon Reedy. Natural Knits for Babies and Toddlers, Tina Barrett. User- centered Web Development, Jonathan Lazar. Timothy Flint - Pioneer, Missionary, Author, Editor, 1. John Ervin Kirkpatrick. Noticia De Un Secuestro / News of a Kidnapping, Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Orchids, David P. Banks. 97. 80. 59. X Vendetta at Last Chance Gulch, Maynard M. Lehman. 97. 80. 25. Ancient Records of Egypt, James Henry Breasted. Rehabilitation of Wood- Frame Houses, See Notes, Notes See Notes. Praying Like a Woman, Nicola Slee. Show Me Macromedia Flash MX 2. Perspection Inc. 9. Programs in Art and Art History. Legal and Regulatory Issues Related to Environmental Management. Ncaa Women's Volleyball Rules and Interpretations, Keri A. Potts. 97. 89. 99. Perspective/Dago. X Ghosts of Chaffee County, John K Aldrich. The Individual Investor's Guide to Low- Load Funds. Gaps As Syntactic Features/8. John Bear. 97. 89. Appraising Condominiums, Pud's Cooperatives, Residential Multi- Units, and Sin Family Residences. Margaret Fuller, Arthur W Brown. Building Core Competence in a Global Company. Editor and Publisher Market Guide. Proceedings, 2. 9th Annual Conference, 1. American Council on Consumer Interests. X War at Sea in the Ironclad Age, Richard Hill, John Keegan. Power Point 2. 00. Introduction, Element K Journals. Unchained, C. J Barry. Field Guide to the American Teenager - A Parent's Companion, Joseph Diprisco, Michael Riera. Facilitator's Guide to Ways to, Benson Steven. The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ruth Prigozy. Masters Of Chaos - The Secret History Of The Special Forces, Linda Robinson. A Writer's Daybook, Ronald Blythe. An Island Out of Time - A Memoir of Smith Island in the Chesapeake, Tom Horton. Technical Drawing, Frederick E. Giesecke, Alva Mitchell, Henry Spencer, .. The Sea Dog, Penny Matthews, Andrew Mc. Lean. 97. 89. 65. Documents on the Holocaust, Yitzhak Arad. On the Frontier, Bret Harte. Head of the Class Second Grade - The Complete Collection of Second Grade Skills, Steck- Vaughn Company. Chapter 4 - Observing Prehistoric Women Gender issues have become increasingly important in social sciences over the past two decades. In order to develop a clear understanding of gender- related behavior and attitudes, it is important to understand how this behavior varies cross- culturally, how it evolved, and what causes differences in behavior between genders. As a prehistorian, my main interest is in documenting and explaining inferable gender differences in the past. As such, I am concerned with how gender- related behavior can be inferred from the material remains of past cultures. However, one of the main avenues that enables prehistorians to model past behavior passes via the comparative analysis of traditional ethnographic cultures. Confronted by a plethora of conflicting claims about gender relations and behavior in the popular and prehistoric literature, I would like to examine the types of evidence that are most useful in inferring prehistoric gender behavior. The target information concerns women's and men's behavior, the relative status of men and women, and their relative power in prehistory. I have been preoccupied by the question of how gender- related activities might be identified in the prehistoric record for over two decades. While carrying out ethnoarchaeology among Australian Aboriginals, I attempted to determine if there were specific types of stone tools that might be associated with women (Hayden 1. This concern was again raised in terms of bipolar flaking techniques (Hayden 1. I also examined ethnographies in regard to the sexual division of labor and gender mobility patterns among hunter/gatherers (Hayden 1. I attempted to determine if single- gender households could be identified in Highland Maya communities from material inventories during ethnoarchaeological work (Hayden and Cannon 1. I have examined women's status among ethnographic hunter/gatherers in relation to ecological variables, particularly in relation to resource stress (Hayden et al. It is hunter/gatherers that interest me most, and I will primarily focus on problems associated with gender interpretations at this level of cultural organization. At the level of prehistoric hunter/gatherers, can past gender behavior, status, or attitudes be reliable inferred? I believe they can, although considerable future research is required. The remainder of this article is a discussion of the ways in which such interpretations can be most reliably established. Approaches to the Problem. There are two basic approaches that can be used in dealing with gender issues: nomothetic (theoretical generalizations) and particularistic. From the prehistoric perspective, particularistic explanations are not very useful because they tend to be highly subjective ad hoc formulations that do not lend themselves to testing or certification. Page 3. 4. As I have argued elsewhere (Hayden and Cannon 1. Like quantum- level particles, individual behavior is often variable or difficult to predict on the basis of laws or principles. In contrast, aggregate human behavior, like averaged atomic counterparts, conforms much more closely to general principles especially where there are issues of self- interest, economy of effort, material benefits, and short vs long term gain. When considered in aggregate, i. Prehistory is primarily the study of changes in average behavior, or in community wide behavior. Group size, levels of violence, use of exotic vs. We see the dominant trends in human behavior, the major concerns, themes and solutions adopted by the average person in groups as well as ranges of variability. Although we must assume that an individual made a particular stone tool, or sustained a particular injury, or killed a particular animal, specific individuals can rarely be identified, followed, or be assigned values for other parameters. The ideas, values and rules that motivate individuals are as elusive as they are idiosyncratically variable. Even in the case of individual burials, it is often not the character or life- attributes of the buried individual that are reflected in the grave goods and grave elaboration so much as the character of the group responsible for doing the burying. The community or the household, not the individual, is the most productive focus for prehistory. It is difficult to see how concentrating on the individual will advance our understanding of gender patterns in the past. There are simply too many possible explanations and motivations for individual material expressions; and no way has been suggested for testing such interpretations archaeologically. The material products of berdechic male activities cannot be distinguished from real females if they act the same as females. Due to the many other randomizing factors that blur patterning in the archaeological record, occasional arrowheads made by females cannot be distinguished from those made, used, or abandoned by males; nor would a few female manufactured arrowheads significantly change any statistical inferences based on the much larger number of arrowheads made, used, and abandoned by males. Occasional hunting by women would be almost impossible to identify in communities, nor would it be significant or important for prehistorians unless it were a routine type of women's activity. Almost all communities tolerate low levels of many kinds of idiosyncratic behavior on the part of a few individuals. Given all these factors, it is not surprising that what prehistorians can see most clearly, and what is most important from an ecological viewpoint, are the general trends, the most common practices, and the overall changes in group behavior. Changes in the behavior of entire groups imply that strong forces are at work capable of influencing large numbers of people, whether in terms of their residence, hunting practices, submission to hierarchical control, trade, kinship reckoning, or gender relationships. General patterns or principles are difficult enough to discern, substantiate, and explain. Particularistic events are far more difficult to deal with. Yet, appeals to particularistic and culture- determined gender roles tend to dominate much recent theoretical discussion of gender (cf. Conkey and Spector 1. Unless there are good, causally sound theories to back up particularistic conclusions, they will always be suspect. What kinds of approaches have the most potential for generating sound theories and generalizations? I suggest that there are and will discuss six fundamental approaches that have been used: comparative ethnographies, skeletal and mortuary studies, early texts, art and mythology, physiological studies, comparative zoology and gross physiology. Comparative Ethnographies. One major approach for inferring gender roles among Pleistocene as well as post- Pleistocene populations is the use of comparative ethnographies. Within the last 4. While such analyses must be carried out with caution due to the ecological variability and historical changes that may have affected ethnographic hunter/gatherer societies (as demonstrated by the debate about the Bushmen. Conkey and Spector (1. While these criticisms contain a germ of truth, they. Strong patterning between ethnographically recorded gender behavior and independent variables such as environment cannot be explained if there are pervasive or systematic androcentric biases in the ethnographic data base (see Hayden et al. To try to totally vitiate the present ethnographic data base with nothing to fill the void other than vague programmatic plans for future ethnographic work is counterproductive. The consistency of some observations on ethnographic generalized hunter/ gatherers in terms of sharing (Winterhalder 1. Tiger 1. 97. 0: 2. Hayden 1. 98. 1), irrespective of historical conditions, is a strong argument that such responses would also have characterized prehistoric groups of fully sapient human hunter/gatherers. Moreover, some plausible causal explanations for these types of behavior can be found in evolutionary ecology and cultural ecology. Few other paradigms can claim as much success in explaining these patterns. Within the comparative ethnographic approach, one of the keys to making significant progress in gender studies may be to refine causal theories to account for the sexual division of labor and the relative intensity of its development. There are numerous suggestions as to precisely why the sexual division of labor has emerged among hunter/gatherers (see Hayden 1. Hurtado et al.'s 1. The sexual division of labor in which hunter/gatherer males hunt, make war, and engage in other exclusively male activities (Frayser 1. This pattern may even imply that the cross- cultural preponderance of hunter/gatherer males in public forums and in dealings with non- local groups (Tiger 1. Wilson 1. 97. 8: 1. Rodseth et al. 1. Although some researchers have questioned the universality of the sexual division of labor among hunter/gatherers, (Conkey and Spector 1. Goodman et al., n. Leacock 1. 97. 8) or tried to deny that a clear pattern exists, there is little general doubt that this patterning of gender behavior is the expression of a fundamental principle of organization of hunter/gatherer societies and even more complex traditional societies. In more complex traditional societies, sex exclusive tasks include: lumbering, boatbuilding, stoneworking, mining, metalworking, bonesetting, and shell, bone or horn crafts. These are exclusively performed by men in traditional societies the world over (Murdock and Provost 1. Such patterns, together with the potential use of axes in combat, make it highly likely, for instance, that the fine axes which are featured so prominently in the high status Neolithic tumuli and ideology of Brittany (Patton 1. These strong cross- cultural patterns are among some of the best foundations that can be hoped for in modeling prehistoric gender behavior.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
December 2016
Categories |